A musical instrument with a large stomach, a brief and curved handle, a beam and a plectrum. Its curved back is made of 19 or 21 boards in the form of a circle. The body is hollow. In the midst of the entrance part called the chest, there are two small cavities on the sides called “roses”.
Oud instrument (written as “ud” in Turkish) is the ancestor of the European lute, name of which derives from “al-ud”. It is not a local Turkish instrument however it has been performed in Anatolia for at least 5 centuries. Besides, in the history, the oud has been performed by a number of civilizations in Central Asia, Mesopotamia, Iran, Arabia. Accordingly, there are a number of types of ouds besides Turkish oud. The oud instrument occupies a terrific place in Turkish Art Music, Turkish urban music (in fasil orchestras) and in arabesk music. Oud has been known from the paperwork and oral tradition as the king, sultan or emir of musical instruments.
History of Oud
In some sources, it is said that Farabi invented the oud, but lengthy before Farabi, there are oud and comparable instruments in miniatures and reliefs. The principle reason why Farabi is perceived as an inventor is that he’s a musician who has mastered the oud and the tuning system he dropped at the oud. Farabi, who was one of those who gave probably the most comprehensive information in regards to the oud in his period, added the fifth string to the oud, which was a 4-string instrument till that time. Concerning the oud, Ibn Sina (980/1037) from Farabi says in his book Kitabu’ş Şifa that it is without doubt one of the most well-known instruments. Tells technical information such as chords and pitches with figures. While musical instruments were talked about within the Ikhwan-i Safa tracts within the 10th century, it was said that essentially the most stunning of those was the oud.
The frets on the handle of the oud, preserved in the Farabi period, were abandoned towards the end of the 10th century. The oud was beforehand played with a wooden plectrum. The well-known Andalusian musician Ziryab (eleventh century) replaced it with a plectrum made of eagle feather. At this time, plectrums made of versatile plastic are typically used.
The oud instrument made its way to Europe by way of Spain. Within the thirteenth century, the crusaders introduced it back to Europe, and in time, it grew to become the lute. That’s why lute takes its name after the oud (‘le ut’ in old French), but it’s been added different features from oud, like frets.
The oud, additionally which became the focal point in the Ottoman palace in the fifteenth century, gained an irreplaceable worth that the general public started to use in classical Turkish music within the 19th century.
Oud instrument has a big soundbox linked to a brief neck. The instrument has a pear-shaped body which is a deep, striped bowl made from lightweight wood. The wood must be light because the bowl is supposed to reverberate when it is struck. The soundboard, the front part of the body, accommodates one or two, generally three sound holes. These sound holes may be oval or they are often ornamented depending on the lands they’re performed on. There’s a piece of fish-skin or leather between the bridge and the sound hole with the intention to protect the belly from the strokes of the plectrum. The bowl of the oud is formed by thin woods or ribs bent over a mold. The number of the ribs varies from sixteen to 21. The tuning pegs of the oud are screwed to the pegbox.
The quality of the material used in the making of the oudis important. The more the material is diverse, the better it sounds. A high-quality oud’s face is made from spruce. The tuning pegs and fingerboard are constructed from ebony. Maple, walnut, palisander and mahogany are used for the bowl.
The oud does not have any standard size or number of strings. Yet generally, all of the types of ouds have eleven intestine strings which might be organized in five double-programs with a sixth, single bass string. Oud is performed with a plectrum. Its fretless neck permits the instrument to generate any intervals or microtones particular to the Middle Eastern music. Oud instrument is suitable so that you can enjoy Turkish, Iran or Arab music by enjoying makams/maqamat.
Oudis played according to two schools of performance. The primary is “Ottoman” school and it accepts as precept the ornamentation of the sound, produced by delicate glissandos or the fingers and slight vibratos. The second approach is Egyptian approach, according to which the quantity is amplified by firm strokes of the plectrum, which makes strings resonate. This fashion requires one other kind of virtuosity.
There are essentially six types of oud when they’re considered according to their origin. Those types of oud principally differ of their timbre and there are small size differences between them.
Arabic oud is probably the most known oud instrument type and maybe the most well-liked because of its romantic, rich and deep sound. It’s heavier and slightly bigger evaluating to Turkish ouds. Turkish ouds are employed in Turkey and Greece. They’ve a more treble sound. Syrian oud, which is a sub-type of Arabic oud generates a number of overtones. Iraqi ouds might also be categorized under Arabic ouds. Its strings are tied to the underside of the instrument. Because of this function, it is said that it has a floating bridge. Iranian oud, which can also be called Barbat is more distinct and attributable to its shape, it has a bass, deep, Persian sound.
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